Introduction:-

Prostate could be a glandular organ present solely in males.  It surrounds the neck of bladder & the primary part of urethra and condributes a secretion to the semen. The gland is conical in shape and measures 3 cm in vertical diameter and 4 cm in transverse diameter.It’s got 5 lobes anterior,posterior,2 lateral and a median lobe.Since  the first half of the urethra meet up with it any lesion within the prostate can turn out difficulty in passing urine.

Diseases of the prostate gland:-

one) Prostatitis:-

This can be the inflamation of the prostate gland because of bacterial infection.

2) Benign enlargement of the prostate:-

This is often a non cancerous tumour of  the prostate seen after the age of 50.  three,Cancer of the prostate:-This is often the fourth commonest cause of death from malignant diseases in males.

Cancer of the prostate.

Cancer of the prostate is directly linked with the male sex hormones(androgens).If the degree of sex hormone will increase the expansion rate of cancer also increases.It’s found that after the removel of testes there is marked reduction in the scale of tumour.

Web site of tumour:-

Prostate cancer is seen mainly in the posterior lobe.Non cancerous enlargement is seen in other lobes.

Changes within the gland in cancer:-

The gland becomes laborious with irregular surface with loss of traditional lobulation .Histologically prostate cancer is an adeno carcinoma(cancer of the epithelial cells in the gland)

Growth :-

Growth rate is very quick in prostate cancer .The tumour compresses the urethra and turn out difficulty in urination.

Spread of tumour:-

Metastasis in cancer of prostate is terribly early.

one) Local spread:-

From the posterior lobe the cancer cells attend the lateral lobes and seminal vesicles.Tumour cells additionally move to the neck and base of the urinary bladder.

two) Lymphatic unfold:-

Through the lymph vessels cancer cells reach the internal and external illiac group of lymph nodes.From there cells move to retroperitonial(Behind the peritonium) and mediastinal lymph nodes(in the chest)

3) Unfold through the blood:-

Spread of cancer cells takeplace through the periprostatic venous plexus and reaches the vertebral veins while coughing and sneezing and at last enders the vertebral bodies of the lumbar vertebrae.

Signs and symptoms of prostate cancer:–

Signs and symptoms rely upon the stage of the cancer. The following symptoms could be seen.

one) No symptoms:-

Tumour is little and solely within the posterior lobe.  This is diagnosed accidentely.

two) Slight difficulty in urination:-

Here the tumour is enlarged and urethra is slightly compressed.Shortly there can be frequent urge for urination with troublesome urination.

three) When the tumour unfold to any or all nearby areas including neck of bladder and urethra there can be painful urination with bleeding.Urine comes drop by drop.

four) Retention of urine:-

When the urethra is totally compressed there will be retention of urine.This could result in hydronephrosis, renal failure ect.In this condition patient could get convulsions because of renal failure and eventually coma.

five) Signs of metastasis:-

Some patients return with the signs and symptoms of metastasis.

a) Lumbo sacral pain due to unfold of cancer cells to lumbar and sacral vertebrae.

b) Fracture of spine due to cancerous growth within the spine.

c) Swelling, pain and fluid assortment in the abdomen due to lesion within the abdomen.

d) Respiratory complaints due to cancer of mediastinal lymphnodes and lungs.

e) General weakness because of unfold of cancer to totally different components of the body.

f) Anaemia due to involment of bone marrow and increased destruction of RBCs.

Clinical examination :-

Includes per rectal examination to feel the prostate gland,palpation of abdomen to feel the swelling in kidneys and any tumours.Patient is examined from head to foot to seek out out any lesions.

Investigations:-

one) Complete blood investigations;-

RBC,WBC,Platlets,ESR,bleeding time ,clotting time ect.

a pair of) Urine analysis:-

Microscopic examination to detect pus cells,occult blood,casts,Crystals ect.

3) Renal perform tests:-

Blood urea level,serum creatinine level,electrolyte level ect.

four) Serum acid phosphatase:-

Increased in cancer of prostate.

5) x-ray of the spine:-

To detect any tumour or fracture.

vi) Ultra sonography;-

Offers plan about prostate,bladder,kidney ect.

7) C T scan:-

More detailed info concerning organs and tumour.

MRI of the spine:-

Gives detailed information concerning spine ,disc and nearby soft tissues.

9) Lymphangiography:-

Provides plan regarding lymphatic spread of cancer.

10) Biopsy to verify cancer:-

Biopsy is taken from the tumour and is send for histopathological examination below the microscope.This can detect the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment:-

1) If there is retention of urine catheterisation is needed.
a pair of) Dialysis if kidney failure.
3) If there is coma monitoring of all very important functions together with parentral nutrition and electolyte supply.
4) Specific treatment is prostatectomy(removal of prostate)

Partial prostatectomy :-

Here solely the affected lobe is removed.

Radical prostatectomy :-

Total removal of prostate along with nearby lymphnodes.

5, Hormone therapy :-

Stilbestrol is given to cut back tumour growth.Since this treatement increases the possibility for cardiovascular disease phosphorylated diethyle stilbesterol is used nowadays.

half-dozen) Chemotherapy:-Medication like cyclophosphamide, cisoplatim ect are given.

seven) Radiotherapy is also done for some cases.

eight) Homoeopathy:-

Homoeopathic medicine like carcinocin, conium, sabal, crotalus, thuja, iodum, selinium, staphysagria, sulphur ect can be given according to symptoms.Constitutional homoeopathic medicine will give nice relief and can increase the life span.

nine) Yoga and meditation is also healpful.

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